******************************************************************************************************************* Flight Dynamics for the single seat Breda Ba 65 Series II with Fiat A.80RC41 engine and Hamilton Standard c/s screw ******************************************************************************************************************* [fltsim.0] title=Ba65 Fiat 1 sim=Ba65 dispensers and pylons model= A panel= sound= texture= 65_16_11 kb_reference=ba65_ref ui_manufacturer=Breda ui_type=Ba 65 (A.80) pylons + dispensers ui_variation=1938 Puig Moreno, Spain atc_id= atc_id_color=0xffffffff description=Breda 65 of the 'Aviazione Legionaria' with external bomb pylons fitted in the field by the 65th Squadriglia Autonoma, based at Puig Moreno, Spain, during 1938. The spolier key must be used to add / drop external bombs visually as well as adding / subtracting their profile drag. The Breda 65 pioneered and developed the doctrine which would soon be known as 'blitzkrieg'. The original Breda 65 'assalto' flew combat missions over Spain with the 'Aviazione Legionaria' from August 1937. The exceptionally fast Ba 65 A.80 (Series II) featured in this flight sim release made its combat debut in October 1938. It had a new engine, more powerful supercharger, a constant speed airscrew, a slatted wing, and a reflector sight, but failed to resolve problems associated with 'long range' single crew navigation. Attempts to create two seaters with wireless navigation failed. Full details of combat operations over Spain to allow detailed mission simulation are within the supplied comparative history.txt. [fltsim.1] title=Ba65 Fiat 2 sim=Ba65 bomb chutes model= C panel= sound= texture= 65_16_11 kb_reference=ba65_ref ui_manufacturer=Breda ui_type=Ba 65 (A.80) bomb chutes ui_variation=1938 Puig Moreno, Spain atc_id= atc_id_color=0xffffffff description=Breda 65 of the 'Aviazione Legionaria' retaining original internal bomb chutes for area bombing missions, assigned to the 65th Squadriglia Autonoma, based at Puig Moreno in Spain during 1938. The spoiler key will control bay doors and their drag. The Breda 65 pioneered and developed the doctrine which would soon be known as 'blitzkrieg'. The original Breda 65 'assalto' flew combat missions over Spain with the 'Aviazione Legionaria' from August 1937. The exceptionally fast Ba 65 A.80 (Series II) featured in this flight sim release made its combat debut in October 1938. It had a new engine, more powerful supercharger, a constant speed airscrew, a slatted wing, and a reflector sight, but failed to resolve problems associated with 'long range' single crew navigation. Attempts to create two seaters with wireless navigation failed. Full details of combat operations over Spain to allow detailed mission simulation are within the supplied comparative history.txt. [fltsim.2] title=Ba65 Fiat 3 sim=Ba65 dispensers and pylons model= A panel= sound= texture=159_14 kb_reference=ba65_ref ui_manufacturer=Breda ui_type=Ba 65 (A.80) pylons + dispensers ui_variation=1940 Tobruk, Libya atc_id= atc_id_color=0xffffffff description=159th Squadriglia/XII Gruppo/50th Stormo Assalto Regia Aeronautica, Ltn.Adriano Visconti, Tobruk, Libya November 1940. Bomb pylons were added after arrival in Libya. The spoiler key must be used to load or drop external bombs. The Ba 65 A.80 (Series II) made its combat debut in October 1938. It had a new engine, more powerful supercharger, a constant speed airscrew, a slatted wing, and a reflector sight, but failed to resolve problems associated with 'long range' single crew navigation. By September 1939 even the Ba 65 A.80 was judged inadequate for combat in Europe. Surviving Regia Aeronautica Ba65s were quickly relegated to Libya, where they were squandered providing close air support for the Italian Army between June 1940 and January 1941. The final Ba 65 missions were flown by the Iraqi Air Force in support of the French and German funded Islamic insurgency of April - May 1941. Details of combat operations over Libya, Egypt and Iraq are within the supplied Comparative history.txt. [fltsim.3] title=Ba65 Fiat 4 sim=Ba65 bomb chutes model= C panel= sound= texture=159_14 kb_reference=ba65_ref ui_manufacturer=Breda ui_type=Ba 65 (A.80) bomb chutes ui_variation=1940 Tobruk, Libya atc_id= atc_id_color=0xffffffff description=159th Squadriglia/XII Gruppo/50th Stormo Assalto Regia Aeronautica, Ltn.Adriano Visconti, Tobruk, Libya November 1940. Before addition of pylons retaining internal bomb chutes for area bombing. The spoiler key will control bay doors and their drag. The Ba 65 A.80 (Series II) made its combat debut in October 1938. It had a new engine, more powerful supercharger, a constant speed airscrew, a slatted wing, and a reflector sight, but failed to resolve problems associated with 'long range' single crew navigation. Attempts to create two seaters with wireless navigation failed. By September 1939 even the Ba 65 A.80 was judged inadequate for combat in Europe. Surviving Regia Aeronautica Ba65s were quickly relegated to Libya, where they were squandered providing close air support for the Italian Army between June 1940 and January 1941. The final Ba 65 missions were flown by the Iraqi Air Force in support of the French and German funded Islamic insurgency of April - May 1941. Details of combat operations over Libya, Egypt and Iraq are within the supplied Comparative history.txt. [fltsim.4] title=Ba65 Fiat 5 sim=Ba65 bomb chutes model= C panel= sound= texture=160_2 kb_reference=ba65_ref ui_manufacturer=Breda ui_type=Ba 65 (A.80) bomb chutes ui_variation=1939 Treviso, Italy atc_id= atc_id_color=0xffffffff description=Breda 65 assigned to the 160th Squadriglia/XII Gruppo/50th Stormo Assalto of the Regia Aeronautica, based at Treviso in Italy during 1939 in contemplation of war against Yugoslavia. No Ba 65 had underwing pylons or precision bombing capability as delivered. The spoiler key will control bay doors and their drag. This aircraft is currently configured for medium level area bombing with the bomb chute weapon pack, but the Regia Aeronautica failed to resolve problems associated with 'long range' single crew navigation. Attempts to create two seaters with wireless navigation failed. By September 1939 even the A.80 Fiat engined version of the Ba 65 was judged inadequate for combat in Europe and all surviving Regia Aeronautica Ba 65s were quickly relegated to Libya. Manuele Villa, April 2010. [fltsim.5] title=Ba65 Fiat 6 sim=Ba65 dispensers model= D panel= sound= texture=160_2 kb_reference=ba65_ref ui_manufacturer=Breda ui_type=Ba 65 (A.80) dispensers ui_variation=1939 Treviso, Italy atc_id= atc_id_color=0xffffffff description=Breda 65 assigned to the 160th Squadriglia/XII Gruppo/50th Stormo Assalto of the Regia Aeronautica, based at Treviso in Italy during 1939 in contemplation of war against Yugoslavia. No Ba 65 had underwing pylons or precision bombing capability as delivered. This aircraft is currently configured for ultra low level lay down assault far beyond enemy lines with the 4 x grenade dispenser weapon pack, but the Regia Aeronautica failed to resolve problems associated with 'long range' single crew navigation. Attempts to create two seaters with wireless navigation failed. By September 1939 even the A.80 Fiat engined version of the Ba 65 was judged inadequate for combat in Europe and all surviving Regia Aeronautica Ba 65s were quickly relegated to Libya. Manuele Villa, April 2010. [fltsim.6] title=Ba65 Fiat 7 sim=Ba65 bomb chutes model= C panel= sound= texture=165_12 kb_reference=ba65_ref ui_manufacturer=Breda ui_type=Ba 65 (A.80) bomb chutes ui_variation=1940 Benghazi, Libya atc_id= atc_id_color=0xffffffff description=165th Squadriglia/XII Gruppo/50th Stormo Assalto Regia Aeronautica, Benghazi, Libya, May 1940 before Italian declaration of war. Equipped with internal bomb chutes for medium level area bombing. The spoiler key will control bay doors and their drag. The Ba 65 A.80 (Series II) made its combat debut in October 1938. It had a new engine, more powerful supercharger, a constant speed airscrew, a slatted wing, and a reflector sight, but failed to resolve problems associated with 'long range' single crew navigation. Attempts to create two seaters with wireless navigation failed. By September 1939 even the Ba 65 A.80 was judged inadequate for combat in Europe. Surviving Regia Aeronautica Ba65s were quickly relegated to Libya. The final Ba 65 missions were flown by the Iraqi Air Force in support of the French and German funded Islamic insurgency of April - May 1941. Details of combat operations over Libya, Egypt and Iraq are within the supplied Comparative history.txt. By Manuele Villa, April 2010. [fltsim.7] title=Ba65 Fiat 8 sim=Ba65 dispensers model=D panel= sound= texture=165_12 kb_reference=ba65_ref ui_manufacturer=Breda ui_type=Ba 65 (A.80) dispensers ui_variation=1940 Benghazi, Libya atc_id= atc_id_color=0xffffffff description=165th Squadriglia/XII Gruppo/50th Stormo Assalto Regia Aeronautica, Benghazi, Libya, May 1940 before Italian declaration of war. Equipped with 4 x grenade launcher pack for ultra low level lay down assault. The Ba 65 A.80 (Series II) made its combat debut in October 1938. It had a new engine, more powerful supercharger, a constant speed airscrew, a slatted wing, and a reflector sight, but failed to resolve problems associated with 'long range' single crew navigation. Attempts to create two seaters with wireless navigation failed. By September 1939 even the Ba 65 A.80 was judged inadequate for combat in Europe. Surviving Regia Aeronautica Ba65s were quickly relegated to Libya. The final Ba 65 missions were flown by the Iraqi Air Force in support of the French and German funded Islamic insurgency of April - May 1941. Details of combat operations over Libya, Egypt and Iraq are within the supplied Comparative history.txt. By Manuele Villa, April 2010. [fltsim.8] title=Ba65 Fiat 9 sim=Ba65 bomb chutes model=C panel= sound= texture=101_6 kb_reference=ba65_ref ui_manufacturer=Breda ui_type=Ba 65 (A.80) bomb chutes ui_variation=1938 Milan, Italy atc_id= atc_id_color=0xffffffff description=Breda 65 assigned to the 160th Squadriglia/XII Gruppo/50th Stormo Assalto of the Regia Aeronautica, based at Lonate Pozzolo, Italy, late 1938 in contemplation of war against France. No Ba 65 had underwing pylons or precision bombing capability as delivered. The spoiler key will control bay doors and their drag. This aircraft is currently configured for medium level area bombing with the bomb chute weapon pack, but the Regia Aeronautica failed to resolve problems associated with 'long range' single crew navigation. Attempts to create two seaters with wireless navigation failed. By September 1939 even the A.80 Fiat engined version of the Ba 65 was judged inadequate for combat in Europe and all surviving Regia Aeronautica Ba 65s were quickly relegated to Libya. Manuele Villa, April 2010. [fltsim.9] title=Ba65 Fiat 10 sim=Ba65 dispensers model= D panel= sound= texture=101_6 kb_reference=ba65_ref ui_manufacturer=Breda ui_type=Ba 65 (A.80) dispensers ui_variation=1938 Milan, Italy atc_id= atc_id_color=0xffffffff description=Breda 65 assigned to the 160th Squadriglia/XII Gruppo/50th Stormo Assalto of the Regia Aeronautica, based at Lonate Pozzolo, Italy, late 1938 in contemplation of war against France. No Ba 65 had underwing pylons or precision bombing capability as delivered. This aircraft is currently configured with the 4 x grenade dispenser weapon pack for ultra low level 'long range' lay down assault, but the Regia Aeronautica failed to resolve problems associated with 'long range' single crew navigation. Attempts to create two seaters with wireless navigation failed. By September 1939 even the A.80 Fiat engined version of the Ba 65 was judged inadequate for combat in Europe and all surviving Regia Aeronautica Ba 65s were quickly relegated to Libya. Manuele Villa, April 2010. [General] performance=See on screen handling notes and read 'How to survive flying the Breda 65.htm' for extensive handling and realism hints. For sortie planning, locations, fuel and weather planning see 'Comparative history of the Breda 65.txt'. [Views] eyepoint= 1.35, 0, 2.8 //controls parallax compliance (see How to survive flying teh Ba 65.htm) [fuel] Standard fuel load is 1014lbs of low lead 87 Octane AVGAS. LeftMain = 2,0,0,91,0 //Forward fuselage tank - designation matches gauge code RightMain =-2,0,0,78,0 //Aft fuselage tank - designation matches gauge code fuel_type=1 number_of_tank_selectors=1 electric_pump=0 There was provision to fit a bomb bay tank for long range ferrying, but there is no evidence that it was ever used after trials, since no attempt was made to deploy the Ba 65 to Italian East Africa. [WEIGHT_AND_BALANCE] empty_weight = 6306 //including tail ballast, oil, hydraulic fluid, flare pistol, flares, guns, ammo, etc max_gross_weight= 7960 reference_datum_position = 0 , 0 , 0 empty_weight_CG_position = 0.1, 0.05, 0 //Fiat A.80 engine too heavy and wings of unequal area station_load.0 = 200, 0, 0, 0 ;pilot in flying clothing with parachute station_load.1 = 440, 0, 0, 0 ;2 x 100Kg bombs or 100 x 2Kg 'cluster munitions' With maximum (also standard) fuel loaded the maximum bombload of the Ba65 is only 200Kg (440lbs). The Ba 65 was capable of lifting more bombs internally, (in matched left v right diagonal pairs), but every extra pair of 50Kg or 100Kg bombs loaded internally required 220lbs or 440lbs of the standard fuel above to be drained before flight. Since maximum tankage was only 1,014lbs of AVGAS to begin with, draining 440lbs of fuel (always from the forward tank, allowed the bombload to be 400Kg (880lbs), but reduced combat radius to just over 90 miles. Maximum allowable bombload was reduced to 336Kg = 740lbs in October 1938 just as the Ba 65 A.80 made its combat debut over Spain. See Ba 65 comparative history.txt for more detail concerning fuel planning. The maximum external bombload was 2 x 100Kg = standard bombload. See 'How to survive flying the Ba 65' for more detail and instructions for adding profile drag of external bombs. empty_weight_pitch_MOI = 11500 empty_weight_roll_MOI = 10000 empty_weight_yaw_MOI = 20000 empty_weight_coupled_MOI = 0 [GeneralEngineData] engine_type=0 Engine.0=11,0,0 fuel_flow_scalar=0.96 // Not supported by Fiat data, but Breda claim is matched in these FD. min_throttle_limit=0.000000 [piston_engine] Fiat A.80RC41 critical_altitude=13451 //4100M since TOGA and rated RPM (of the turbine) are equal cylinder_displacement=154.89 compression_ratio=6.7 number_of_cylinders=18 max_rated_rpm=2100 //TOGA and rated max_rated_hp=1000 //Rated fuel_metering_type=1 fuel_air_auto_mixture=1 cooling_type=0 normalized_starter_torque=0.12 turbocharged=1 max_design_mp=28.96 //auto boost limited to 1.0 C (Kg/cm^2) min_design_mp=0 emergency_boost_type=0 emergency_boost_mp_offset=0.000000 emergency_boost_gain_offset=0.000000 auto_ignition=0 max_rpm_mechanical_efficiency_scalar=1.000000 idle_rpm_mechanical_efficiency_scalar=1.000000 max_rpm_friction_scalar=1.000000 idle_rpm_friction_scalar=1.000000 [propeller] propeller_type=0 propeller_blades=3 gear_reduction_ratio=1.6 propeller_diameter=11 propeller_moi=20 beta_max=43.0 beta_min=16.0 prop_sync_available=0 prop_deice_available=0 prop_feathering_available=0 feathering_switches = 0 prop_auto_feathering_available=0 min_rpm_for_feather=0 beta_feather=88 defeathering_accumulators_available=0 prop_reverse_available=0 power_absorbed_cf=0.9 minimum_on_ground_beta=0.000000 minimum_reverse_beta=0.000000 min_gov_rpm=0.000000 prop_tc=0.1 low_speed_theory_limit=80.000000 fixed_pitch_beta=0 [airplane_geometry] oswald_efficiency_factor=0.68 wing_area=253 wing_span=39 //11.9 metres wing_root_chord=6.49 //actually MAC and AR almost certainly designed to be 6.0 exactly despite unequal wings wing_pos_apex_lon=1.62 wing_pos_apex_vert=0 elevator_area=13.05 aileron_area=12.73 rudder_area=10.41 elevator_up_limit=25 elevator_down_limit=25 aileron_up_limit=20 aileron_down_limit=18 rudder_limit=22 elevator_trim_limit=20 spoiler_limit=60 //used to create drag of underwing bombs (until dropped) and controls visible bomb animation htail_area = 39.29 htail_span = 15.19 htail_pos_lon = -20 htail_pos_vert = 0 htail_incidence = 0 htail_sweep = 0 vtail_area = 24.92 vtail_span = 6.19 vtail_sweep = 0 vtail_pos_lon = -17.79 vtail_pos_vert = 0 spoilerons_available=0 aileron_to_spoileron_gain=0 min_ailerons_for_spoilerons=0 min_flaps_for_spoilerons=0 wing_dihedral=0 wing_incidence=0 wing_twist=0 wing_winglets_flag=0 wing_sweep=0 [flaps.0] Vfe = 230 KmIAS type = 1 extending-time = 15 flaps-position.0 = 0, 0 flaps-position.1 = 10, 124 flaps-position.2 = 15, 124 flaps-position.3 = 30, 124 lift_scalar=0 drag_scalar=1 pitch_scalar=1 [Flaps.1] type=1 extending-time=15 flaps-position.0= 0, 0 flaps-position.1= 7,124 flaps-position.2=10,124 flaps-position.3=30,124 drag_scalar=0 pitch_scalar=0 [Reference Speeds] flaps_up_stall_speed = 67 //Vs = 124 KmIAS automatic slats open and flaps closed full_flaps_stall_speed= 60 //Vs0 = 111 KmIAS with full flap and slats open cruise_speed =192 //design cruise KTAS at design cruise altitude in ISA (FL150) max_indicated_speed =243 //Vne - tail structure is critically weak [contact_points] Vle = 250 KmIAS No tailwheel locking or steering - see how to survive flying the Ba 65 in the Read Before Flight folder static_pitch = 12.5 static_cg_height = 5.6 gear_system_type=0 point.0 = 1, -18.2, 0, -2.6, 800, 0, 0.54, 180, 0.46, 2.5, 0.465, 9, 9, 0, 135, 135 point.1 = 1, 1 ,-4.5, -6.2, 1200, 1, 1 , 0, 0.53, 2.5, 0.823, 9, 10, 2, 135, 135 point.2 = 1, 1 , 4.5, -6.2, 1200, 2, 1 , 0, 0.53, 2.5, 0.823, 9, 10, 3, 135, 135 point.3 = 2, 0, -19.8259, -1.1404, 1181, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0 point.4 = 2, -0.0129, 19.7546, -1.1208, 1181, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 6, 0, 0 point.5 = 2, -23.218, 0, 0.7116, 1181, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 0, 0 point.6 = 2, 12.3089, 0, -3.4448, 1181, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0 [brakes] parking_brake=1 toe_brakes_scale=0.3 //to enable joystick button control of parking brake differential_braking_scale = 0 //no differential braking [electrical] max_battery_voltage = 24 generator_alternator_voltage = 28 max_generator_alternator_amps = 60 engine_generator_map = 1 electric_always_available = 0 [lights] // types: 2=gun flash, 3=nav, 4=vc, 5=landing and taxi light.0 = 3, 1.84, 18.12, 0.97,fx_navgresml light.1 = 3, 1.84, -18.11, 0.97,fx_navredsml light.2 = 3, -21.16, 0, 0.14,fx_navwhisml light.3 = 4, 2.01, 0, 2.82,fx_vclight light.4 = 5, -0.74, -6.23, -1.15, fx_landing light.5 = 2, 5.09, 6.54, 1.43, fx_jfgun01p_M light.6 = 2, 5.09, -6.54, 1.43, fx_jfgun01p_M light.7 = 2, 3.86, 8.24, 1.32, fx_jfgun02p_M light.8 = 2, 3.86, -8.24, 1.32, fx_jfgun02p_M //light.0 = 3, 1.84, 18.12, 0.97,fx_shockwave_navgre //light.1 = 3, 1.84, -18.11, 0.97,fx_shockwave_navred //light.2 = 3, -21.16, 0, 0.14,fx_shockwave_navwhi_l_old //light.3 = 4, 2.01, 0, 2.82,fx_shockwave_vclight //light.4 = 5, -0.74, -6.23, -1.15, fx_shockwave_landing_light_tail_old //light.5 = 2, 5.09, 6.54, 1.43, fx_jfgun01p_M //light.6 = 2, 5.09, -6.54, 1.43, fx_jfgun01p_M //light.7 = 2, 3.86, 8.24, 1.32, fx_jfgun02p_M //light.8 = 2, 3.86, -8.24, 1.32, fx_jfgun02p_M [smokesystem] //smoke.0 = -2, -4, 0, fx_flare [gear_warning_system] gear_warning_available=0 pct_throttle_limit=0.1 flap_limit_power=16 flap_limit_idle=16 [keyboard_response] elevator=350.000000,500.000000 aileron=450.000000,1000.000000 rudder=200.000000,1000.000000 [hydraulic_system] electric_pumps=0 engine_map=1 normal_pressure=1500 [stall_warning] type=0 [attitude_indicators] attitude_indicator.0=1 [turn_indicators] turn_indicator.0=1,0 [direction_indicators] direction_indicator.0=1,0 [folding_wings] wing_fold_system_type = 0 fold_rates = 0, 0.11 [TailHook] tailhook_length = 0 tailhook_position = 0, 0, 0 cable_force_adjust = 1 [LSO] LSOAdjustSpeed = 1.2 [exits] number_of_exits = 2 exit_rate.0 = 0.4 exit_rate.1 = 0.4 [forcefeedback] //not tested gear_bump_nose_magnitude=3000 ; 0 - 10000 gear_bump_nose_direction=18000 ; 0 - 35999 degrees gear_bump_nose_duration=250000 ; in microseconds gear_bump_left_magnitude=2700 ; 0 - 10000 gear_bump_left_direction=35500 ; 0 - 35999 degrees gear_bump_left_duration=250000 ; in microseconds gear_bump_right_magnitude=2700 ; 0 - 10000 gear_bump_right_direction=00500 ; 0 - 35999 degrees gear_bump_right_duration=250000 ; in microseconds ground_bumps_magnitude1=1300 ; 0 - 10000 ground_bumps_angle1=08900 ; 0 - 35999 degrees ground_bumps_intercept1=3.0 ground_bumps_slope1=0.20 ground_bumps_magnitude2=200 ; 0 - 10000 ground_bumps_angle2=09100 ; 0 - 35999 degrees ground_bumps_intercept2=1.075 ground_bumps_slope2=0.035 crash_magnitude1=10000 ; 0 - 10000 crash_direction1=01000 ; 0 - 35999 degrees crash_magnitude2=10000 ; 0 - 10000 crash_direction2=9000 ; 0 - 35999 degrees crash_period2=75000 ; in microseconds crash_duration2=2500000 ; in microseconds [autopilot] autopilot_available=0 flight_director_available=0 default_vertical_speed=0 autothrottle_available=0